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AnyGenes

WHAT ARE TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS?

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial components of the innate immune system, acting as sentinels that detect and respond to microbial pathogens. These transmembrane proteins recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate immune responses to maintain host defense and tissue homeostasis.

Why choose anygenes® for tlr research?

At AnyGenes®, we offer cutting-edge qPCR arrays designed to analyze TLR signaling pathways. With our solutions, researchers can:

  • Investigate TLRs' role in recognizing bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), viral RNA, and other PAMPs.
  • Explore downstream signaling cascades, including MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways.
  • Identify biomarkers of infection, inflammation, and immune regulation.

Our arrays deliver high precision and reproducibility, empowering researchers to uncover the molecular mechanisms of TLRs in immunity and disease.

AnyGenes Toll-like receptors (TLRs) array for studying innate immunity and gene expression.

Discover our advanced qPCR arrays for Toll Like Receptors Signaling research.

Generalized structure and signaling mechanisms of Toll-like receptors.

Generalized structure and signaling mechanisms of Toll-like receptors.

CLASSIFICATION AND FUNCTION OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS

TLRs are classified based on their localization and the PAMPs they detect:

  • Surface TLRs: Recognize microbial membrane components such as TLR2 (peptidoglycan),  TLR4 (lipopolysaccharides), TLR1, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10.
  • Endosomal TLRs: Detect viral nucleic acids, including TLR3 (double-stranded RNA), TLR7/8 (single-stranded RNA), and TLR9 (unmethylated CpG DNA).

Upon activation, TLRs trigger signaling cascades that lead to:

  • Pro-Inflammatory Responses: Activation of NF-κB and production of cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6.
  • Antiviral Immunity: Interferon (IFN) production through IRF3 and IRF7 activation.
  • Adaptive Immunity Link: Modulation of antigen-presenting cells to activate T and B cells.

STRUCTURE OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRS)

The structure of TLRs can be divided into three main domains:

  1. Extracellular Domain (ECD):
    • Composed of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) arranged in a horseshoe-like shape.
    • Responsible for binding to specific PAMPs, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycans, or viral RNA.
  2. Transmembrane Domain:
    • Anchors the receptor to the cell membrane.
    • Facilitates signal transduction from the extracellular domain to the intracellular domain.
  3. Intracellular Toll/IL-1 Receptor (TIR) Domain:
    • Conserved among TLRs.
    • Essential for downstream signaling through adaptor proteins like MyD88 and TRIF.

This structural organization enables TLRs to detect pathogens and initiate immune responses effectively.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TLRs

Dysregulation of TLR signaling is associated with numerous conditions:

  • Infectious Diseases: Impaired TLR function can lead to inadequate pathogen clearance.
  • Chronic Inflammation: Overactivation contributes to conditions like sepsis and autoimmune diseases.
  • Cancer: Altered TLR signaling is implicated in tumor progression and immune evasion.

Researching TLR pathways is critical for developing therapies such as vaccines, anti-inflammatory drugs, and cancer immunotherapies.

TLR SIGNALING PATHWAY INSIGHTS

TLR activation involves two primary pathways:

  • MyD88-Dependent Pathway: Drives pro-inflammatory responses via NF-κB activation.
  • TRIF-Dependent Pathway: Induces interferon production and antiviral responses.

Advanced qPCR arrays from AnyGenes® allow detailed investigation of these pathways, enabling breakthroughs in understanding immunity and disease mechanisms.

(1) Anwar, M. A et al. Recent clinical trends in Toll-like receptor targeting therapeutics. Medicinal research reviews, (2019) 39(3), 1053–1090.
(2) Luo L et al. Signalling, sorting and scaffolding adaptors for Toll-like receptors. J Cell Sci. (2019) 30;133(5).
(3) Shi, S et al. Expression profile of Toll‑like receptors in human breast cancer. Molecular medicine reports. (2020) 21(2):786-794.
(4) Mokhtari Y et al. Toll-like receptors (TLRs): An old family of immune receptors with a new face in cancer pathogenesis. J Cell Mol Med. (2020) 25(2):639-651.
(5) Setrerrahmane S & Xu H. Tumor-related interleukins: old validated targets for new anti-cancer drug development. Mol Cancer. (2017) 19;16(1):153.
(6) Ou T et al. The Pathologic Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Prostate Cancer. Front Immunol. (2018) 6;9:1188.

Toll Like Receptors SIGNALING PATHWAY BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at contact@anygenes.com to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Human signaling pathway

Signaling Pathways Product ref Informations

Toll-Like Receptors

TLR1H1

List infos


Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Mouse Human signaling pathway

Signaling Pathways Product ref Informations

Toll-Like Receptors

TLR1M1

List infos


Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Rat Human signaling pathway

Signaling Pathways Product ref Informations

Toll-Like Receptors

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List In progress...

Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Pig Human signaling pathway

Signaling Pathways Product ref Informations

Toll-Like Receptors

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List In progress...

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