The cell cycle is a tightly regulated process that controls cell division and growth, ensuring proper replication of genetic material and distribution to daughter cells. This fundamental process consists of four main phases: G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (preparation), and M (mitosis). Interphase, comprising G1, S, and G2 phases, is crucial for DNA replication and cell growth, while mitosis enables the physical division of the cell..
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Overview of the cell-cycle.
The cell division consists of several distinct phases:
G1 Phase: Growth and Preparation
The G1 phase marks the cell’s initial growth stage, influenced by stress, environmental factors, and metabolic conditions. During this phase:
S Phase: DNA Synthesis
In the S phase, DNA replication occurs, doubling the cell’s genetic material. Key events include:
G2 Phase: Preparation for Mitosis
After completing DNA replication, cells enter the G2 phase. In this stage:
M Phase: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The M phase involves the division of the nucleus (mitosis) and cytoplasm (cytokinesis) to form two daughter cells. This phase includes:
G0 Phase: Resting Stage
After the M phase, cells may enter the G0 resting stage, where they temporarily or permanently cease division. This phase is common in differentiated or quiescent cells.
Cyclins
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs)
Checkpoint Proteins
The interaction between cyclins and CDKs is essential for cell division progression. When a cyclin binds to its respective CDK, it induces a conformational change that activates the kinase, allowing it to phosphorylate target proteins involved in advancing the cell division stages.
Defects in cell division regulation are a hallmark of many diseases, including:
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