CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS: KEY MEDIATORS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE AND DISEASE

Chemokine receptors are specialized proteins located on the surface of certain cells, primarily leukocytes, that play a crucial role in immune response and cell migration. These receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), characterized by their seven transmembrane domain structure. They interact with chemokines, a subset of cytokines, to facilitate various biological processes including inflammation, immune surveillance, and tissue repair.

AnyGenes® offers cutting-edge qPCR arrays and tools specifically designed for the precise analysis of chemokine receptor gene expression. These innovative solutions enable researchers to delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms underlying chemokine receptor function in health and disease. With high sensitivity and reproducibility, AnyGenes® products provide reliable results for studies in immunology, cancer research, and beyond.

AnyGenes® chemokine receptors qPCR array for immune response and disease pathway analysis.

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Chemokines and chemokine receptors involved in immune activation and immune inhibition:
The different cells in tumour microenvironment are infiltrated and activated by different chemokines. These cells can be immunoactivatory or immunoinhibitory in nature. A number of such chemokines and chemokine receptors are shown that affect the cancer immune response.

Receptors of chemokines play a role in chemotaxis and initiating cell trafficking to the desired location by trigger a flux of calcium ions intracellularly upon specific ligand binding. They are classified into four subfamilies based on structural and functional criteria: CC, CXC, CX3C and C. CC and CXC chemokines, for instance, play key roles in angiogenesis, leukocyte recruitment, and tumour growth and proliferation.

CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS: STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION

Chemokine receptors can be classified into four main families based on the type of chemokine they bind:

CC Chemokine Receptors (CCR): Bind CC chemokines.
CXC Chemokine Receptors (CXCR): Bind CXC chemokines.
CX3C Chemokine Receptors (CX3CR1): Bind the unique CX3C chemokine (CX3CL1).
XC Chemokine Receptors (XCR1): Bind XC chemokines (XCL1 and XCL2).

Each receptor typically consists of approximately 350 amino acids, featuring a short acidic N-terminal region, seven transmembrane helices, and three intracellular and extracellular loops. The N-terminal domain is critical for ligand binding specificity, while the C-terminal end is involved in intracellular signaling through G proteins.

FUNCTIONALITY AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION

Chemokine receptors are pivotal in directing the movement of leukocytes through a process known as chemotaxis. Upon binding to their specific chemokine ligands, these receptors trigger intracellular signaling cascades that lead to changes in calcium ion flux, promoting cell migration toward sites of inflammation or infection. This mechanism is essential for effective immune responses and tissue homeostasis.

Mechanisms of Action

Ligand Binding: The binding of a chemokine to its receptor induces conformational changes that activate intracellular signaling pathways.
Signal Transduction: This activation typically involves G proteins that mediate various cellular responses, including migration and adhesion.
Cellular Responses: The end result is the directed movement of leukocytes to areas where they are needed most, such as sites of infection or injury.

THE ROLE OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Chemokine receptors are not only essential for normal immune function but also implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Dysregulated chemokine receptor activity is linked to chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis, and infectious diseases like HIV, where certain receptors (e.g., CCR5 and CXCR4) act as viral co-receptors. Understanding their signaling pathways is vital for developing targeted therapies.

APPLICATIONS IN RESEARCH AND THERAPEUTICS:

Chemokine receptor research has advanced our understanding of immune cell migration and its implications for disease. These receptors are pivotal targets in drug discovery, enabling the development of novel therapies for cancer, inflammatory diseases, and infections. By studying their signaling pathways, researchers can identify biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitor disease progression.

AnyGenes® qPCR tools offer unmatched precision and reliability for chemokine receptor gene expression analysis. Designed to simplify complex studies, these solutions empower researchers to uncover critical insights into immune regulation and disease mechanisms, enabling breakthroughs in immunology, oncology, and drug development.

(1) Hughes CE, Nibbs RJB. A guide to chemokines and their receptors. FEBS J. (2018);285(16):2944-2971.

(2) Braoudaki M, et al. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in colorectal cancer; multifarious roles and clinical impact. Semin Cancer Biol. (2022);86(Pt 2):436-449.

(3) Gencer S, et al. Inflammatory Chemokines in Atherosclerosis. Cells. (2021);10(2):226.

(4) Olivarria G, Lane TE. Evaluating the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors involved in coronavirus infection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. (2022);18(1):57-66.

(5) Saxena S, Singh RK. Chemokines orchestrate tumor cells and the microenvironment to achieve metastatic heterogeneity. Cancer Metastasis Rev. (2021);40(2):447-476.

CHEMOKINES & CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS SIGNALING PATHWAY BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at contact@anygenes.com to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Chemokines & Receptors	CHR1H1	List infos

Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Chemokines & Receptors	CHR1M1	List infos

Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Chemokines & Receptors	*******	List In progress...

Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Chemokines & Receptors	*******	List In progress...

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