SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Signal transduction pathways are crucial networks through which cells communicate and respond to environmental signals, guiding essential cellular functions like growth, differentiation, and immune response. These pathways operate through a sequence of biochemical reactions triggered by external or internal stimuli, converting signals at the cell surface into responses within the cell.

AnyGenes offers advanced qPCR arrays designed to investigate specific signal transduction pathways. These arrays allow researchers to analyze gene expression profiles, helping to identify key regulatory elements and uncover disease-related aberrations. AnyGenes' solutions support efficient, high-throughput analysis, providing valuable insights into the complex dynamics of cellular signaling.

Signal transduction pathways analysis with AnyGenes qPCR array.

Discover our advanced qPCR arrays for Signal Transduction Pathways research.

Signal transduction associated with the RTK–Ras–Raf–MEK–ERK pathway or RTK–PI3K–Akt–mTOR (PI3K–PKC–mTOR) pathway. Son of sevenless (SOS) is a small-GTPase of Ras that converts GDP of inactivated Ras to GTP, resulting in Ras activation. The solid lines or arrows indicate signaling promoting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, or survival. The dotted lines or arrows indicate signaling inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, or survival.

KEY COMPONENTS AND MECHANISMS

Each signal transduction pathway involves specific receptors, protein kinases, transcription factors, and secondary messengers. When a signal binds to a receptor, it activates downstream molecules, often through phosphorylation cascades, which modulate gene expression and cellular activity. Notable pathways include the MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and JAK/STAT pathways, each playing distinct roles in cell fate and homeostasis.

Secondary messengers, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium ions, further propagate the signal within the cell. Protein kinases, like MAPKs (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases), play a crucial role in amplifying and diversifying the signal through phosphorylation events. Transcription factors then mediate the final response by regulating the expression of target genes.

TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Endocrine Signaling: Hormones are released into the bloodstream and travel to distant target cells, triggering responses across various tissues (e.g., insulin regulation of glucose metabolism).
Paracrine Signaling: Localized signaling occurs when cells release signals that affect nearby target cells. This is common in tissue repair and immune responses (e.g., growth factors stimulating cell proliferation).
Autocrine Signaling: Cells produce signals that bind to receptors on their own surface, allowing them to respond to their own signals (e.g., cancer cells producing growth factors that promote their own survival).
Neurotransmission: Neurotransmitters are released from neurons and travel across synapses to affect target neurons or muscles, enabling rapid communication (e.g., acetylcholine in muscle contraction).
Intracellular Signaling: Signals are transmitted within a cell following receptor activation, often involving complex cascades and pathways, such as the MAPK pathway.

STEPS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY

Signal Reception: An extracellular signal (like a hormone) binds to a specific receptor on the cell surface, triggering a structural change.
Transduction and Amplification: The activated receptor initiates a cascade of intracellular signals, often involving secondary messengers like cAMP or calcium ions, which amplify the signal.
Signal Relay and Modulation: The signal is relayed through protein interactions and modifications, such as phosphorylation, allowing for precise modulation.
Response Execution: Target genes or proteins are activated or repressed, leading to cellular responses like growth or apoptosis.
Signal Termination: The pathway is terminated to prevent continuous activation, involving the degradation or removal of signaling molecules.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND DISEASES

Disruptions in these pathways are associated with various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic diseases. For instance, mutations that cause overactivation of certain pathways can lead to unchecked cell proliferation, a hallmark of cancer.

Understanding these pathways not only provides insights into the molecular basis of diseases but also opens up opportunities for targeted therapies. Drugs that specifically inhibit or modulate key signaling molecules are being developed to treat conditions resulting from pathway dysregulation. For example, tyrosine kinase inhibitors are used in cancer therapy to block aberrant signaling in tumor cells.

(1) Xin P, et al. The role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its inhibitors in diseases. Int Immunopharmacol. (2020):80:106210

(2) Misasi R, et al. Signal transduction pathway involved in platelet activation in immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination. Haematologica. (2021)7;107(1):326–329.

(3) Tomiyama A, Ichimura K. Signal transduction pathways and resistance to targeted therapies in glioma. Semin Cancer Biol. (2019):58:118-129

(4) Xie Y, et al. PI3K/Akt signaling transduction pathway, erythropoiesis and glycolysis in hypoxia (Review). Mol Med Rep. (2018)3;19(2):783–791.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at contact@anygenes.com to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Signal Transduction	SIT1H1	List infos

Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Signal Transduction	SIT1M1	List infos

Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Signal Transduction	*******	List In progress...

Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Signal Transduction	*******	List In progress...

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