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 INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CELL TYPES

The immune system has two important branches, Innate and adaptive immunity. It plays an essential role for health and the start and progression of chronic inflammation.

 Innate immune response

Innate immunity constitutes the host's first line of defense against danger signals in a rapid and non-specific manner.

During the first hours and days of an infection, invasion by pathogens induces the activation of innate immune cells. Among theme macrophages, monocytes, or NK-cells or humoral factors such as complement.

Macrophages and dendritic cells, together called antigen-presenting cells (APCs). They constitute the body’s main danger sensors and pioneer of an immune response. They constantly sample their environment, phagocytes all debris, present findings on their surface via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. After that, they send signals or interact with other immune cells when they encounter danger.

 Adaptive immune response

In contrast to the innate immune system, the adaptive immune response is antigen-specific. It includes cell-mediated (T cell) and humoral-mediated (B cell) immunities. They are both critical to drive tissue inflammation or repair. Antibody production, marking B cell response, play an important role in both innate and adaptive immunity.

T and B cells (lymphocytes) rearrange their genomes and create unique antigen-specific receptors. These are T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs). There are two main types of T cells: CD8 and CD4.
  • CD8 T lymphocytes are crucial for the limitation of viral spread through their cytotoxic function. They function via their TCR in recognizing foreign antigens (viruses...) on MHCI.
  • CD4 T cells are essential for the expansion of CD8 T cells and the generation of CD8 memory T cells. CD4 are also necessary for the production of memory B cells (MBCs) and plasma cells. In contrast, CD4 T cells recognize antigen-loaded onto MHC class II. This via cells expressing and presenting antigens like macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and B cells.
  • This type of immune response generates long-lasting immune memory (1,2,6).
Innate-and-adaptive -immunity

 
Innate-adaptive immunity interplay in immune response (1).

The recognized characteristic of the innate and adaptive immune system is ''immune memory''. It enhances host survival upon reinfection.
Studies demonstrate that induction of innate immune memory in vivo takes place in two main compartments.
  • At the center of the bone marrow, influencing the functional program of immune cell progenitors.
  • At the periphery in the tissues (2).

INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY IN DISEASES

Studies have proven that dysfunction of innate and adaptive immune response constitute a key step in diseases. Among them, the progression and maintenance of autoimmune diseases, coronary artery disease, COVID-19, Parkinson's disease …(3-6).
(1) Sun L, et al. Innate-adaptive immunity interplay and redox regulation in immune response. Redox Biol. (2020);37:101759. 
(2) Netea MG, et al. Innate and Adaptive Immune Memory: an Evolutionary Continuum in the Host's Response to Pathogens. Cell Host Microbe. (2019);25(1):13-26.
(3) Zhang Y, et al. NLRP3 Inflammasome: Checkpoint Connecting Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol. (2021);12:732933.
(4) Roy P, et al. How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: roles of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. (2022);22(4):251-265.
(5) Carsetti R, et al.  Different Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Asymptomatic, Mild, and Severe Cases. Front Immunol. (2020);11:610300.
(6) Schonhoff AM, et al. Innate and adaptive immune responses in Parkinson's disease. Prog Brain Res. (2020);252:169-216

INNATE & ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY SIGNALING PATHWAY BIOMARKER LIST

You can custom your own SignArrays® with the genes of interest of your choice, according to your project, you just have to download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at contact@anygenes.com

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:
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