SURFACE ANTIGENS (CD)

Surface antigens (CD), commonly referred to as Cluster of Differentiation molecules, are critical components of the immune system. These glycoproteins are expressed on the surface of various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, and are pivotal for cell communication, recognition, and activation.

Role of of AnyGenes qPCR Arrays in reserch

AnyGenes offers advanced qPCR array products designed to investigate the expression profiles of key surface antigens and their associated signaling pathways. These tools enable researchers to explore the dynamics of CD marker expression and their roles in immune responses and diseases. By analyzing various biomarkers, scientists can gain insights into the mechanisms underlying immune modulation, cancer progression, and autoimmune disorders.

AnyGenes qPCR Array for Surface Antigens (CD) Research.

Discover our advanced qPCR arrays for Surface Antigens (CD) research.

Role of aberrant expression of B‐cell CD markers in CLL.

IMPORTANCE OF SURFACE ANTIGENS IN IMMUNE FUNCTION

Cell Identification: CD markers are essential for the identification and classification of immune cell subsets. For instance, CD4 and CD8 distinguish between helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, respectively, playing a vital role in adaptive immunity.
Signal Transduction: When surface antigens bind to their corresponding ligands, they initiate intracellular signaling cascades that lead to various cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production. This signaling is critical for the activation of immune responses against pathogens and cancer cells.
Immune Modulation: CD markers are involved in the regulation of immune responses. For example, the interaction between CD28 on T cells and CD80/CD86 on antigen-presenting cells provides a costimulatory signal that is crucial for T cell activation and survival. Conversely, inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 can dampen immune responses, highlighting the importance of balance in immune signaling.
Cell Adhesion: Molecules like CD44 and CD18 facilitate adhesion between immune cells and other tissues, which is essential for migration and localization during immune responses.

SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVING SURFACE ANTIGENS CD MARKERS

The signaling pathways associated with surface antigens are complex and involve several key proteins and mechanisms:

TCR Signaling: T cell receptor (TCR) signaling through CD3 complexes is essential for T cell activation, involving the phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) and subsequent recruitment of signaling proteins like ZAP70.
BCR Signaling: B cell receptor (BCR) signaling via CD19 and CD20 is critical for B cell activation and antibody production, initiating pathways that promote survival and proliferation of B cells upon antigen recognition.
Cytokine Production: Activation of CD molecules often leads to the secretion of cytokines that modulate immune responses. For instance, activated T cells express CD69, which plays a role in cytokine production and further amplifies the immune response.
Regulatory Mechanisms: Certain CD molecules function as inhibitory receptors (e.g., CD22), helping to regulate immune responses and prevent overactivation that could lead to autoimmunity

IMPLICATION OF CD MARKERS IN DISEASES PROGRESSION

Surface antigens, or cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, play a significant role in the progression of various diseases, especially in immune responses and cancer. CD molecules are essential in cell signaling, helping to regulate immune cell communication and response. In cancer, specific CD markers can be overexpressed or altered, enabling tumor cells to evade the immune system or promoting invasive behaviors.

Additionally, CD signaling pathways contribute to inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and infectious disease responses by modulating cellular functions that affect disease outcomes. Understanding these implications can aid in identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, paving the way for improved diagnostics and treatments.

IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT STRATEGIES

Targeting CD Markers: Understanding the role of CD molecules in disease progression opens avenues for targeted therapies. For instance, therapies targeting CD33 have been developed for AML treatment. By elucidating how SNPs affect CD marker expression, clinicians can better predict patient responses to therapies.
Biomarkers for Monitoring: The expression levels of specific CD markers can serve as biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and treatment response. For example, elevated levels of certain CD markers have been correlated with increased disease severity and poorer outcomes. This information can be crucial for developing personalized treatment plans.

(1) Saeed RH, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on microRNA and CD marker expression in AML patients. Sci Rep. (2024)20;14(1):14251.

(2) Kalina T, et al. CD Maps—Dynamic Profiling of CD1–CD100 Surface Expression on Human Leukocyte and Lymphocyte Subsets. Front Immunol. (2019)23;10:2434.

(3) Piedra-Quintero ZL, et al. CD38: An Immunomodulatory Molecule in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol. (2020)30:11:597959.

(4) Shahrabi S, et al. CD markers polymorphisms as prognostic biomarkers in hematological malignancies. Oncol Rev. (2020)14;14(2):466.

(5)Vosoughi T, et al. CD markers variations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: New insights into prognosis. J Cell Physiol. (2019);234(11):19420-19439

SURFACE ANTIGENS (CD) BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at contact@anygenes.com to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Surface Antigens (CD)	SA1H1	List infos

Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Surface Antigens (CD)	*******	List In progress...

Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Surface Antigens (CD)	*******	List In progress...

Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Surface Antigens (CD)	*******	List In progress...

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