T helper cells (Th cells) are a crucial subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes that orchestrate immune responses. These cells activate other immune cells, such as B cells, macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells, by releasing cytokines and providing essential signals. Their regulation is vital for maintaining immune balance and protecting the body from infections and diseases.
Why Choose AnyGenes® for T Helper Cell Research?
At AnyGenes®, we provide advanced qPCR arrays specifically designed to study helper T lymphocytes. Our cutting-edge solutions empower researchers to:
Analyze the differentiation pathways of helper T lymphocytes subsets like Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg.
Study key cytokines, transcription factors, and markers involved in Th cell regulation.
Investigate the role of helper T lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases, cancer, and chronic inflammation.
CD4+ T cells development and their functional subsets in immunity.
TYPES OF T HELPER CELLS
Historically, four main types of helper T lymphocytes have been identified:
Th1 Cells: Primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity, they produce cytokines such as IFN-γ, which activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.
Th2 Cells: These cells promote humoral immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies, particularly in response to extracellular pathogens. Key cytokines: IL-4, IL-5, IL-13.
Th17 Cells: Known for their role in autoimmune diseases, Th17 cells produce IL-17 and are involved in inflammatory responses.
Regulatory T Cells (Tregs): These cells maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune reactions. Key cytokine: IL-10.
Tfh Cells (Follicular Helper T Cells): Facilitate B cell maturation and antibody production.
Helper T lymphocytes exhibit remarkable plasticity, meaning they can adapt and transition between subsets based on the cytokine environment and immunological context. For example:
Th1 and Th17 cells may convert to Tregs under specific conditions to prevent overactive inflammation.
Th2 cells can switch to Th1-like cells during chronic infections.
HELPER T LYMPHOCYTES ACTIVATION MECHANISMS
Helper T lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells) are activated through interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) like dendritic cells, macrophages, or B cells.
Antigen Presentation: APCs display antigens on MHC class II molecules, which bind to the T cell receptor (TCR) on helper T lymphocytes.
Co-Stimulation: Co-stimulatory signals, such as CD80/CD86 on APCs binding to CD28 on T cells, are crucial for activation. Without co-stimulation, T cells may become anergic (inactive).
Cytokine Influence: The cytokine environment determines helper T lymphocytes differentiation (e.g., Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg).
Effector Function: Activated T cells release cytokines to regulate immune responses, including activating macrophages, stimulating B cells, and recruiting neutrophils.
Proliferation: Activated T cells produce IL-2, a key cytokine that drives their own proliferation (autocrine signaling).