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OVERVIEW OF IMMUNE CHECKPOINTS

Immune checkpoints (IC) are critical regulatory molecules expressed on immune cells, functioning primarily to maintain self-tolerance and prevent excessive immune responses. They play a significant role in modulating the immune system's activity, particularly in the context of cancer and viral infections.

AnyGenes offers high-quality qPCR arrays designed for immune checkpoint analysis, providing robust, customizable tools that help researchers examine checkpoint pathways across multiple species, including human, mouse, and rat. Our arrays enable precise exploration of immune modulation in diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

AnyGenes Immune Checkpoints Array for Enhanced Immunotherapy Research

Discover our advanced qPCR arrays for Immune Checkpoints research.

Mechanism of immune checkpoint-mediated T-cell inactivation.

Mechanism of immune checkpoint-mediated T-cell inactivation.

KEY IMMUNE CHECKPOINTS MOLECULES

The most well-known immune checkpoints are:

  • Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1): is an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells. When it binds to its ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, it sends a negative signal to T cells, reducing their activity and preventing excessive immune responses.
  • Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4): also inhibits T cell activation, but it does so earlier in the immune response by competing with CD28 for binding to B7 molecules on antigen-presenting cells.
  • LAG-3 (Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3): Recently approved for melanoma treatment, it also plays a role in inhibiting T-cell activity.
  • TIM-3 (T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-domain containing-3): Involved in dampening immune responses, particularly in chronic infections and tumors.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Immune checkpoints are regulatory pathways that modulate immune responses, primarily preventing immune cells from overreacting and causing damage to normal tissues. They function through inhibitory receptors like PD-1 and CTLA-4, which, when engaged by ligands on other cells, send signals to immune cells (like T-cells) to reduce their activity. This mechanism maintains immune tolerance and prevents autoimmune reactions but can also be exploited by cancer cells to avoid immune detection.

IMMUNE CHECKPOINTS AND DISEASES

Immune checkpoints play a crucial role in various diseases, particularly in the context of cancer and chronic viral infections like HIV.

  • Cancer: IC play a critical role by enabling tumor cells to evade immune detection. Tumors often exploit checkpoint pathways, such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, to suppress immune response and ensure their survival. By blocking these pathways with immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer therapies can reactivate the immune system, allowing it to target and destroy cancer cells more effectively.
  • During infections, IC help prevent immune overactivation, which can cause tissue damage. However, pathogens like HIV, hepatitis viruses, and even some bacterial infections exploit these mechanisms to evade the immune response, leading to immune exhaustion and persistence of the infection.

THERAPEUTICS APPLICATIONS

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment by enhancing anti-tumor immunity. They have shown effectiveness across various cancers, although response rates can vary significantly among patients. Understanding the dual roles of these checkpoints is essential for developing effective treatments while managing associated risks.

(1) Meng L, et al. Mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors: insights into the regulation of circular RNAS involved in cancer hallmarks. Cell Death Dis. (2024)4;15(1):3.
(2) Younis A,  Gribben J. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Fundamental Mechanisms, Current Status and Future Directions. Immuno (2024):4(3),186-210.
(3) Renga G, et al. Optimizing therapeutic outcomes of immune checkpoint blockade by a microbial tryptophan metabolite. J Immunother Cancer. (2022);10(3):e003725.
(4) Cai H, et al. Immune Checkpoints in Viral Infections. Viruses. (2020)21;12(9):1051.
(5) He X, et al.  Immune checkpoint signaling and cancer immunotherapy. Cell Res. (2020);30(8):660-669.

IMMUNE CHECKPOINTS BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at [email protected] to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Human signaling pathway

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

Immune Checkpoints

IC1H1

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Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Mouse signaling pathway

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Immune Checkpoints

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List In progress...


Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Rat signaling pathway

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Immune Checkpoints

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List In progress...


Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Pig Immune Checkpoints

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

Immune Checkpoints

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List In progress...


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