GENES INVOLVED IN SIGNALING PATHWAYS

• Adipogenesis

• AMPK Signaling Pathway

• Angiogenesis

  Angiogenesis, the formation of blood vessels, occurs in a coordinated series of steps, which can be divided into a destabilization, a proliferation, and a maturation phase.
  
  Extensive studies have revealed a variety factors involved in neoangiogenesis, the main protagonists are: Vascular endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), various members of the Transforming Growth factor beta (TGFβ) family and hypoxia (Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, HIF)... Other factors that have angiogenic properties include the angiopoietins, (Ang-1); hepatocyte growth factor (HGF); Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB); Insulin-like growth factor family (IGF-1, IGF-2) and the Neurotrophins (NGF).
  
  One of earliest events in angiogenesis is the degradation of the vascular basement membrane and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-2, -3, and -9 play an important role in this system, and are associated with tumor progression, including invasion, metastasis, growth, migration, and angiogenesis.
  
  Integrins are the principle adhesion receptors used by endothelial cells to interact with the extracellular environment and are necessary for cell migration, proliferation, and survival.

• Anti-Apoptotic Factors

• Antibacterial Response

• Antifungal Response

• Antimicrobial Peptides

• Antiviral Response

• Apoptosis

  Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a highly regulated process critical for normal development and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant regulation of apoptosis can lead to cancer. Apoptosis is induced from signals inside or outside the cell including radiation, viral infection, growth factors, and hormones. Apoptosis involves signature morphological changes induced by caspases, which are activated upon induction of apoptotic signalling and cleave downstream molecules to facilitate the apoptotic cascade. The induction of apoptosis can occur through two pathways: the intrinsic apoptotic pathway which involves signalling through the mitochondria and the extrinsic apoptotic pathway which is initiated through activation of cell surface death receptors. Apoptotic signalling through the intrinsic pathway primarily involves activation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bax and Bak, which facilitate release of cytochome C from the mitochondria and subsequent caspase-9 cleavage or activation. The activated caspase-9 will finally cleave or activate the downstream effector caspases such as caspase-3 and -7, leading to apoptosis.This pathway is negatively regulated by several antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Apoptotic signalling through the extrinsic pathway is initiated by ligand binding to death receptors or by induction of trimerization of the receptors. The death receptors belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, which includes Fas, TNFR1, DR3, DR4 (TRAIL-R1),DR5(TRAIL-R2),and DR6.

• Autophagy

  Autophagy is a lysosomal catabolic process that leads to sequestration and degradation of intracellular material. It functions at basal level in every cell and contributes to maintain cellular homeostasis, clearance of damaged organelles and adaptation to environmental stresses.
  In contrast, if the autophagy activity is too high, it may promote Apoptosis.
  Autophagy is involved in preventing certain types of disease: however dysfunction of autophagy has been implicated in multiple human diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and pathogen infection.
  Analyses of molecular mechanism have provided huge advances toward understanding the molecular basis of autophagy. The signaling pathways that are involved in mammalian autophagy imply specific genes or proteins called Atg, in particular Atg5 which exhibits a dual function by modelling both autophagy and apoptosis like Bcl-2. It is also well known that mTOR (target of rapamycin) an evolutionarily-conserved protein kinase, plays a crucial role as a regulator of autophagy.

• Cardiomyocytes Signaling Pathway

• Caspase Activation

• Cell Cycle

• Cell Cycle & Cancer

• Cell Invasion

• Cell Motility

• Cell Polarity

• Cell Proliferation

• Cell Surface Markers

• Cellular Senescence

• Chemokines & Receptors

• Cytokines

• Dendritic Cells

• EGF-PDGF Signaling Pathway

• Endothelial To Mesenchymal Transition

• Epigenetic Regulation

• Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition

• ERBB Signaling Pathway

• ERK Signaling Pathway

• Estrogen Receptor & Breast Cancer

• Fibrosis

• G1-S Regulators

• G2-M Regulators

• Growth Factors

• Hematopoietic Stem Cells

• HIF-1 Signaling Pathway

• HIPPO Signaling Pathway

• Human Leukocyte Antigen

• Human Mitochondria

• Hypoxia

• IL6-STAT3 Signaling Pathway

• Immune Checkpoints

• Immune Tolerance

• Inflammasome Signaling Pathway

• Inflammation

• Inflammation & Autoimmunity

• Innate & Adaptive Immune Response

• Insulin Resistance

• Integrated Stress Response

• Interferons & Immune System

• JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

• JNK Signaling Pathway

• Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

• Long Non Coding RNA

• Lymphangiogenesis

• MAP Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathway

• Mineralization of the dentin matrix

• mTOR Signaling Pathway

• Necrosis

• NFKB Signaling Pathway

• Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

• Notch Signaling Pathway

• Oncogenes

• Oncogenes & Tumor Suppressor

• Osteogenesis

• Oxidative Stress

• Oxidative Stress & Antioxidant Defense

• PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway

• Pluripotent Embryonic Stem Cells

• Proteases

• Protein Kinases

• Proteo-Glycosaminoglycans Biosynthesis Genes

• RAS-MAPK Signaling Pathway

• Reference Genes

• Signal Transduction

• Stress & Toxicity Signaling Pathway

• Surface Antigens (CD)

• T & B Lymphocyte Activation

• T helper 17 (Th17) & Cytokines Signaling Pathway

• T Helper Cells Signaling Pathway

• TGFβ Signaling Pathway

• TNF Signaling Pathway

• Toll-Like Receptors

• Toxicity & Developmental Growth Factors

• Transcription Factors

• Transplant Rejection

• Tumor Microenvironment

• Tumor Supressors

• Wntβ-catenin Signaling Pathway

• Wound Healing

• Alzheimer's Disease

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

• Huntington's Disease

• Lysosomal Storage Disorder

• Parkinson's Disease

• Prion Disease

• Ankylosing Spondylitis

• Autism Spectrum Disorders

• Behçet's Disease

• Crohn's Disease

• Juvenile Diabetes (Type 1 Diabetes)

• Multiple Sclerosis

• Myasthenia Gravis

• Psoriasis

• Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

• Thyroiditis

• Vitiligo

• Anxiety Disorder

• Bipolar Disorder

• Major Depressive Disorder

• Schizophrenia Disorder

• Adenocarcinoma

• Bladder Cancer

• Brain Cancer

• Breast Cancer

• Cervical Cancer

• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

• Colorectal Cancer

• Endometrial Cancer

• Head & Neck Cancer

• Liver Cancer

• Lung Cancer

• Lymphoma Cancer

• Melanoma Cancer

• Myeloma Cancer

• Ovarian Cancer

• Pancreatic Cancer

• Prostate Cancer

• Renal Cancer

• Stomach Cancer

• Thyroid Cancer

• Drug & Toxin Response

• Drug Hepatotoxicity

• Drug Metabolism

• Drug Nephrotoxicity

• Drug Neurotoxicity

• Drug Resistance

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