UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MITOCHONDRIA

Human mitochondria are essential organelles in eukaryotic cells, playing a critical role in energy production, cellular metabolism, and signaling. Mitochondria, often referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell," play a crucial role in energy production, cellular metabolism, and various other essential functions. Understanding their structure, function, and implications in health and disease is vital for advancing biomedical research.

Why Choose AnyGenes® for Mitochondria Research?

AnyGenes® offers advanced qPCR arrays designed for comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial gene expression and function. Our solutions provide researchers with:

Precise Detection: Investigate key mitochondrial genes, including those involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondrial biogenesis, and apoptotic pathways.
Mitochondrial Health: Analyze gene expression related to mitochondrial dysfunction in diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and diabetes.
Functional Insights: Study mitochondrial responses under various stress conditions, including oxidative stress and nutrient deprivation.

Our qPCR arrays offer high precision and reproducibility, enabling researchers to explore the intricate functions of mitochondria in health and disease.

AnyGenes® Human Mitochondria qPCR Array for Mitochondrial Research.

Discover our advanced qPCR arrays for Mitochondria research.

Illustration of human mitochondria highlighting mtDNA structure and function.

Schematic of human mtDNA and basic steps of mtRNA metabolism.

KEY FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria are involved in several essential cellular processes:

ATP Production: Mitochondria generate the majority of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Apoptosis Regulation: Mitochondria play a central role in regulating programmed cell death (apoptosis), influencing cancer progression and tissue homeostasis.
Calcium Homeostasis: Mitochondria help regulate calcium levels within cells, impacting signaling pathways and cell function.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation: Mitochondria produce ROS, which are involved in cellular signaling but can also contribute to oxidative stress when produced in excess.

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles responsible for energy production. Key components include:

Outer Membrane: Smooth and permeable, separating the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm.
Inner Membrane: Folded into cristae, it houses the electron transport chain and ATP synthase for energy production.
Intermembrane Space: Contains enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
Matrix: The innermost area, containing enzymes for the Krebs cycle, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes.
Mitochondrial DNA: Encodes a few proteins critical for mitochondrial function.

MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASES

Dysfunction of mitochondria is linked to a wide range of diseases:

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mitochondrial defects contribute to Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington’s diseases.
Cardiovascular Diseases: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor in heart failure and atherosclerosis.
Metabolic Disorders: Dysfunctional mitochondria are implicated in insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes.
Cancer: Mitochondrial mutations and altered metabolism are common features of cancer cells.

MITOCHONDRIAL RESEARCH AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS

Understanding mitochondrial function and dysfunction is crucial for developing targeted therapies. Research into mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress response, and apoptosis pathways offers promising strategies for treating mitochondrial-related diseases. AnyGenes® qPCR arrays provide the tools necessary to investigate these areas, helping advance the development of novel therapeutic approaches.

(1) Kotrys AV, Szczesny RJ. Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Beyond-Novel Aspects of Cellular Physiology. Cells (2019);9(1):17.
(2) Park D, Lee S, Min KT. Techniques for investigating mitochondrial gene expression. BMB Rep. (2020);53(1):3-9.
(3) Russell OM et al. Mitochondrial Diseases: Hope for the Future. Cell. (2020);181(1):168-188.
(4) Dard L, et al. Mitochondrial functions and rare diseases. Mol Aspects Med. (2020);71:100842.
(5) Habbane M, et al. Human Mitochondrial DNA: Particularities and Diseases. Biomedicines. (2021); 9(10): 1364

HUMAN MITOCHONDRIA BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at [email protected] to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Human Mitochondria	MT1H1	List infos

Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Mouse Mitochondria	*******	List In progress...

Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Rat Mitochondria	*******	List In progress...

Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Pig Mitochondria	*******	List In progress...

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