CELL CYCLE

Errors occurring at different steps of the cell cycle can lead to apoptosis or cause genetic instability promoting cancer aggressiveness ⁽¹⁾. It has been extensively described that in cancer cells many of the inhibitory mechanisms controlling cell cycle progression are lost due to inactivation or mutations in tumor suppressors or overexpression of oncogenes that result in upregulation of cyclins-CDKs ⁽³⁾.
The cell cycle is “switch on and of” mechanism in terms of certain checkpoints, each one of which is dependent on the completion of prior events. The alterations of cell cycle genes disrupt this switch mechanism, leading to the uncontrolled cell division, considered to be a hallmark of cancer ⁽⁴⁾.