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FRONTLINE DEFENDERS: KEY PLAYERS IN THE ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE

Theantiviral response is a complex and dynamic process involving various immune cells that act as frontline defenders against viral infections. Key players such us natural killer (NK) cells, T cells and macrophages work together to detect and eliminate infected cells, ensuring swift and effective immune reaction.

AnyGenes offers innovative products designed to support research in antiviral response, providing valuable tools for scientists exploring the intricacies of immune defense against viruses.

AnyGenes Antiviral Response SignArray® for High-Throughput Analysis of Antiviral Biomarkers

Discover our advanced qPCR arrays for Antiviral Response research.

Discover how your body’s natural defense mechanisms spring into action to protect you from viral invaders

Overview of antiviral response at the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) signalosome.

THE ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE: A STEP-BY-STEP OVERVIEW

The antiviral response is a multi-layered defence system that protect the body from viral infactions. It begins with the detection of viral components and leads to the activation of key immune players to eliminate the threats.

  • Viral detection: The immune system's PRRs, like TLRs, detecte viral elements and trigger an immune response.
  • Signaling activation: pathways like NF-kB and IFN stimulate immune cell activation and antiviral mediator production.
  • Key immune players:  NK cells ( rapidly destroy infected cells), T cells (CD8+  and CD4+) and B cells  (produce antibodies to neutralyse virus).
  • Interferons & Cytokines: These inhibit viral replication.

TARGETING VIRAL INFECTIONS WITH ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES

The antiviral response is a highly regulated process, essential not only for eliminating virus but also for preventing immune over activation, which can lead to tissue damage. Antiviral therapies aim to enhance or modulate the body's natural defenses:

  • Antiviral drugs: medications such as protease inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors directly interfere with viral replication.
  • Immunotherapies: new therapies focus on boosting the innate immune response by stimulating immune cells with cytokines or interferons. Additionally, T-cell-based therapies are being developed to enhance the body's ability to recognize and destroy virus-infected cells.

HOW VACCINES BOOST THE ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE

Vaccines boost the antiviral response by stimulating both the innate and adaptive immune systems, leading to the production of memory cells and specific antibodies that protect against future infections.

There are various type of vaccines, including:

  • Live-attenuated: weakened forms of virus that can replicate without causing diseases, leading to strong immune responses and long-lasting immunity.
  • Inactivated vaccines: killed viruses safely stimulate immunity without risk of causing diseases.
  • mRNA vaccines: delivers instructions for cells to produce viral proteins, triggering an immune response, without using live virus.

IMPACT OF VACCINES ON ANTIVIRAL IMMUNITY

  • Duration of protection: while vaccines initially boost antibody levels significantly, these levels may decline over time. However, memory cells remain, allowing for quicker responses upon re-exposure to the virus.
  • Cross protection: some vaccines may provide cross-protection against different strains of related viruses due to their ability to stimulate broad immune responses.
  • Adjuvants: the inclusion of adjuvants in vaccines can enhance immune responses by promoting better antigen presentation and increasing the activation of T-cells and antibodies.
(1) Dutta S, et al. Picking up a Fight: Fine Tuning Mitochondrial Innate Immune Defenses Against RNA Viruses. Front Microbiol. (2020 )31:11:1990.
(2) Murphy K, Weaver C. Janeway's Immunobiology. 9th Edition. Garland Science. (2016).
(3) Abbas AK., Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 9th Edition. Elsevier. (2018).
(4) Chaplin DD. Overview of the Immune Response. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. (2010) 125(2), S3-S23.
(5) Plotkin SA., Orenstein WA., Offit PA. Vaccines. 7th Edition. Elsevier. (2018)
(6) Ellebedy AH, Ahmed R. Antiviral Vaccines: Challenges and Advances. The Vaccine Book. (2016) : 283–310
(7) Fumagalli v, Iannacone M. The interplay of drug therapeutics and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Mol Immunol. (2024);21(2):197-200

ANTIVIRAL RESPONSE BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at [email protected] to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Human immune Response

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

Antiviral Response

AVR1H1

List infos


Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Mouse signaling pathway

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

Antiviral Response

AVR1M1

List infos


Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Rat signaling pathway

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

Antiviral Response

*******

List In progress...


Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Pig signaling pathway

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

Antiviral Response

*******

List In progress...


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