INFLAMMATION PATHWAYS: A BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO HARMFUL STIMULI

Inflammation pathways represent the body's adaptive response to harmful stimuli such as toxins, viruses, bacteria, ischemia, or trauma. These pathways are an essential part of the body’s defense mechanism, coordinated by the immune system through complex signaling cascades involving pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. When properly regulated, these pathways protect against damage. However, their dysfunction can lead to adverse effects and the development of pathogenic conditions

AnyGenes® supports groundbreaking research by providing state-of-the-art tools for analyzing inflammation pathways. With innovative solutions like the Inflammation Biomarkers SignArray™ and tailored qPCR assays, AnyGenes® enables precise measurement of inflammatory gene expression, empowering researchers to uncover critical insights. By facilitating the study of both acute and chronic inflammation, these tools contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for managing inflammation-driven diseases.

TYPES OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: ACUTE VERSUS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

Acute Inflammation:
- A short-lived response that promotes cell survival and initiates repair mechanisms.
- During this phase, T cells produce cytokines like IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which activate several key inflammatory pathways, including:
- Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
- Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT)
Chronic Inflammation:
- Occurs when immune cells fail to eliminate pathogens or resolve injury, leading to prolonged activation.
- This phase is associated with diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to abnormal cytokine activity and acute reactant production.

COVID-19 AND DYSREGULATED INFLAMMATION PATHWAYS

Loss of immune balance between protective and impaired responses can exacerbate diseases like COVID-19. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, a cytokine storm occurs, characterized by elevated levels of IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), combined with defective type I interferon activity. This heightened inflammatory response leads to severe complications in affected patients.

INFLAMMATION PATHWAYS AND DISEASES CONNECTIONS

Chronic inflammation is a significant driver of numerous diseases, including:

Neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer’s disease and aging.
Psychiatric disorders: Depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
Cardiovascular diseases: Atherosclerosis and heart disease.
Chronic illnesses: Rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and periodontitis.

The inflammatory response contributes to disease progression through mechanisms such as:

Activation of the inflammasome.
Persistence of senescent cells.
Dysbiosis in the microbiota.
Activation of microglia in the brain.

EXPLORING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS

Recent breakthroughs in inflammation research have highlighted the potential of targeting specific pathways for therapeutic intervention. For instance:

Inhibitors of NF-κB signaling show promise in treating autoimmune diseases and cancer.
MAPK pathway modulators are being explored for their role in reducing inflammation-related tissue damage.
Cytokine blockers, such as anti-TNF therapies, are already widely used for managing rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

By providing precise insights into the gene expression profiles of these pathways, AnyGenes®’ innovative tools, like the SignArray panels, play a crucial role in the development of novel treatment strategies.

Schematic representation of SARS-CoV-2-driven signaling pathways and potential drug targets.

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(2) Yu W, et al. Advances in T Cells Based on Inflammation in Metabolic Diseases. Cells. (2022)10;11(22):3554.

(3) Luis F García. Immune Response, Inflammation, and the Clinical Spectrum of COVID-19. Front Immunol. (2020);11:1441.

(4) Michele Catanzaro et al. Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther. (2020);5(1):84.

(5) Ning Yuan et al. Inflammation-related biomarkers in major psychiatric disorders: a cross-disorder assessment of reproducibility and specificity in 43 meta-analyses. Transl Psychiatry. (2019);9(1):233.

(6) Estella A Newcombe et al. Inflammation: the link between comorbidities, genetics, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15(1):276.

(7) Christina H Liu et al. Biomarkers of chronic inflammation in disease development and prevention: challenges and opportunities. Nat Immunol. 2017;18(11):1175-1180.

(8) Peter Libby and Sebastian Kobold. Inflammation: a common contributor to cancer, aging, and cardiovascular diseases—expanding the concept of cardio-oncology. Cardiovasc Res. 2019;115(5): 824–829.

(9) Zarrin AA, et al. Kinase inhibition in autoimmunity and inflammation. Nat Rev Drug Discov. (2021);20(1):39-63.

INFLAMMATION SIGNALING PATHWAY BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at [email protected] to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Inflammation	IF1H1	List infos

Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Inflammation	IF1M1	List infos

Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Inflammation	IF1R1	List infos

Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Inflammation	*******	List In progress...

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