CELL CYCLE, NEW CELL LIFE

The cell cycle, or the cell division cycle, is the series of events that occur in a cell that push it to divide and produce two new daughter cells.

In eukaryotes, the cell division is composed of four phases including the G1, S, G2, and M phase. Each phase is reliant on the proper completion of the previous cell division phase ⁽¹⁾.

Cell cycle is the series of events that occur in a cell that push it to divide and produce two new daughter cells

Overview of the cell-cycle ⁽²⁾ .

• G1 Phase: growth phase. During the G1 phase, cell development is subject to the influence of stress and various environmental and metabolic components. In this phase, the cells synthesize many proteins, amplify organelles including ribosomes and mitochondria, and grow in size.
• S phase: DNA synthesis.In this phase, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids following replication to double the amount of DNA.
• G2 Phase: after passing S phase, the cell enters G2 phase. During this phase, the main task of the cell is to prepare for mitosis. this phase is marked by significant protein/lipid synthesis and cell growth. During and after DNA replication, DNA double-strand breaks accumulate in the cell and must be repaired before the cell can pass the G2/M checkpoint.
• M phase: mitosis and cytokinesis which are tightly coupled. The M phase includes mitosis, during which the nucleus of the cell divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides to form two daughter cells. Segregation of chromosomes and cytoplasm must be tightly coordinated to generate offspring with the correct complement of chromosomes.
Mitosis is divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase ⁽¹⁾.
After the M phase, the cells enter the G0 resting stage, which means that the cells lose the ability to further divide for a period of time ⁽⁴⁾.

The perfectly controlled cell division of mammalian cells is essential for cell homeostasis and development. The transition through the different stages is tightly controlled by the cyclins (cyc), their partners Serine/Threonine cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), the CDK inhibitors (CKI) and the retinoblastoma family of proteins (pRb) ^(2,3).

CELL DIVISION AND DISEASES

Dysregulation of the cell division at any stage can lead to a range of disorders, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Cardiac hypertrophy.
The activities of CDKs and cyclins have been shown to be associated with a number of cancers, including breast, lung, colorectal, colon and prostate cancers, as well as neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease ^(4,5).

(1) Wang Z. Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression by Growth Factor-Induced Cell Signaling. Cells. (2021);10(12):3327.

(2) Suski JM, et al. Targeting cell-cycle machinery in cancer. Cancer Cell. (2021);39(6):759-778.

(3) Leal-Esteban LC, Fajas L. Cell cycle regulators in cancer cell metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. (2020);1866(5):165715.

(4) Łukasik P, et al. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDK) and Their Role in Diseases Development–Review. Int J Mol Sci. (2021); 22(6): 2935.

(5) García-Osta A, et al. p27, The Cell Cycle and Alzheimer´s Disease. Int J Mol Sci. (2022);23(3):1211.

CELL CYCLE SIGNALING PATHWAY BIOMARKER LIST

You can custom your own SignArrays® with the genes of interest of your choice, according to your project, you just have to download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at [email protected]

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Human Signaling Pathways

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Cell Cycle	CC1H1	List infos

Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Mouse Signaling Pathways

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Cell Cycle	CC1M1	List infos

Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Rat Signaling Pathways

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Cell Cycle	*******	List In progress...

Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Pig Signaling Pathways

Signaling Pathways	Product ref	Informations
Cell Cycle	*******	List In progress...

For more information on prices, please click here