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Immune checkpoints are regulatory pathways that control the activation, intensity, and duration of immune responses.
They are primarily mediated by inhibitory receptors expressed on immune cells, particularly T lymphocytes, and play a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing excessive immune reactions.
In pathological conditions such as cancer and chronic infections, immune checkpoint pathways can be exploited to suppress immune responses, leading to T-cell exhaustion and immune evasion.
Immune checkpoint activity is commonly analyzed using gene expression profiling and qPCR-based approaches to study immune regulation and T-cell exhaustion.
Immune checkpoint biomarkers list
View the genes included in our immune checkpoint qPCR arrays.
Immune checkpoint analysis involves a complex network of genes regulating T-cell activation, immune suppression, and tumor–immune interactions.
This curated gene set includes immune checkpoints, co-stimulatory molecules, cytokines, and signaling pathways involved in immune regulation and cancer immunology.
These genes can be used to design customized qPCR panels for targeted immune checkpoint analysis.
Immune checkpoint analysis is essential in many research contexts.
It is commonly used to:
PD-1 is an inhibitory receptor expressed on activated T cells. Binding to PD-L1 or PD-L2 suppresses T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic activity. This pathway is frequently upregulated in tumors.
CTLA-4 regulates early T-cell activation by competing with CD28 for B7 ligands on antigen-presenting cells, thereby limiting immune responses.
LAG-3 contributes to T-cell exhaustion and is emerging as a clinically relevant immune checkpoint, often targeted in combination with PD-1 inhibitors.
TIM-3 is involved in immune exhaustion in cancer and chronic infections and represents a promising next-generation immunotherapy target.
Immune checkpoint signaling relies on a complex network of inhibitory and stimulatory molecules that regulate T cell activation, immune tolerance, and anti-tumor responses.
This section highlights representative genes involved in immune checkpoint signaling. The complete biomarker panel includes a broader set of genes covering additional regulatory and signaling mechanisms.
PDCD1 (PD-1), CD274 (PD-L1), PDCD1LG2, CTLA4, LAG3, HAVCR2, CD276, VTCN1, BTLA, CD160, CD244, CD96
These genes are commonly used to assess immune checkpoint activity, T cell regulation, and immune response modulation in cancer and immunotherapy studies.
Explore the complete gene panel used for immune checkpoint signaling pathway analysis.
Immune checkpoints function through inhibitory signaling cascades triggered by receptor-ligand interactions. These signals:
Immune checkpoint pathways are closely interconnected with cytokine signaling, antigen presentation, and tumor microenvironment regulation.
Analyzing immune checkpoint pathways can be challenging due to their complexity and interaction with multiple immune mechanisms.
Workflow:
Cancer
Tumors frequently overexpress immune checkpoint ligands (e.g. PD-L1) to suppress antitumor immune responses. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer therapy across multiple tumor types.
Chronic infections
In persistent viral infections (HIV, hepatitis), prolonged immune checkpoint activation leads to functional exhaustion of T cells and pathogen persistence.
Autoimmune diseases
Dysregulated checkpoint signaling can contribute to excessive immune activation and autoimmunity.
Immune checkpoints are among the most important therapeutic targets today:
Identifying immune checkpoint-related gene expression signatures is critical for patient stratification and treatment response prediction.
Understanding immune checkpoint pathways requires reliable gene expression tools.
AnyGenes® supports researchers with customized qPCR panels designed for immune checkpoint analysis.
Key advantages:
These solutions are widely used in immunology and cancer research.
Scientific data is only as powerful as the analysis behind it.
AnyGenes® provides a dedicated data analysis tool specifically developed for SignArrays® pathway panels.
What does it allow you to do?
Developed on Excel (compatible with 2007+), the software is user-friendly and requires no advanced bioinformatics skills.
Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file
and send it at
[email protected]
to initiate your project.
Immune checkpoints are inhibitory pathways that regulate immune activation and maintain immune tolerance.
Tumors exploit immune checkpoints to evade immune surveillance, making them key targets in cancer immunotherapy.
PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3 and TIM-3.
By measuring gene expression of immune checkpoint markers using targeted qPCR pathway arrays.
| Signaling Pathways | Product ref | Informations |
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Immune Checkpoints | IC1H1 |
| Signaling Pathways | Product ref | Informations |
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Immune Checkpoints | ******* |
Biomarker list in progress. |
| Signaling Pathways | Product ref | Informations |
|---|---|---|
Immune Checkpoints | ******* |
Biomarker list in progress. |
| Signaling Pathways | Product ref | Informations |
|---|---|---|
Immune Checkpoints | ******* |
Biomarker list in progress. |
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1. Meng L, et al. Mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors: insights into the regulation of circular RNAS involved in cancer hallmarks. Cell Death Dis. (2024)4;15(1):3.
2. Younis A, Gribben J. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Fundamental Mechanisms, Current Status and Future Directions. Immuno (2024):4(3),186-210.
3. Renga G, et al. Optimizing therapeutic outcomes of immune checkpoint blockade by a microbial tryptophan metabolite. J Immunother Cancer. (2022);10(3):e003725.
4. Cai H, et al. Immune Checkpoints in Viral Infections. Viruses. (2020)21;12(9):1051.
5. He X, et al. Immune checkpoint signaling and cancer immunotherapy. Cell Res. (2020);30(8):660-669.