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T AND B LYMPHOCYTES ACTIVATION: KEY TO ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

T and B lymphocytes are essential components of the immune system’s adaptive response. Activation of these cells is a complex process triggered when antigens are recognized, enabling the immune system to target and eliminate pathogens effectively. T lymphocytes primarily manage cell-mediated immunity, activating other immune cells or directly attacking infected cells, while B lymphocytes produce antibodies to neutralize specific antigens.

AnyGenes qPCR array products provide precise tools to analyze gene expression in T and B lymphocyte activation pathways, offering insights into key biomarkers and signaling mechanisms. Researchers use these arrays to deepen their understanding of immune activation, facilitating advancements in immunology and targeted therapies.

AnyGenes T & B Lymphocyte Activation Array for Immune Research

Discover our advanced qPCR arrays for T and B Lymphocytes Activation Pathway research.

Overview of T cell receptor signaling cascades.
Overview of T cell receptor signaling cascades.

T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION

T lymphocyte activation requires three critical signals:

  1. T Cell Receptor (TCR) Recognition: The TCR must bind to a peptide presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules on APCs.
  2. Co-stimulatory Signals: Interaction with co-stimulatory molecules (e.g., CD28 binding to B7 on APCs) is essential for full activation.
  3. Cytokine Environment: Cytokines present during activation influence T cell differentiation into various subtypes, such as T helper (Th) cells, which can further modulate immune responses.

Activated T cells differentiate into various effector subsets, including:

  • Th1 Cells: Promote macrophage activation and are critical for combating intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).
  • Th2 Cells: Involved in antibody production and defense against extracellular parasites.
  • Regulatory T Cells (Tregs): Help maintain immune tolerance and prevent overactivation of the immune response

Common markers used to assess T cell activation include:HLA-DR, CD38, Ki-67 and Granzyme B.

B CELL ACTIVATION ALSO REQUIRES MULTIPLE SIGNALS

  1. Antigen Binding: B cells recognize antigens through their B cell receptors (BCR).
  2. Helper T Cell Interaction: Activated Th cells provide necessary signals through cytokines and direct interaction (e.g., CD40L-CD40 interaction) to fully activate B cells.
  3. Cytokine Signaling: The cytokine milieu influences whether B cells differentiate into plasma cells (which produce antibodies) or memory B cells

Activated B cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiation, leading to the production of antibodies that neutralize pathogens or mark them for destruction by other immune cells.

KEY MECHANISMS IN T AND B LYMPHOCYTES ACTIVATION

  • Antigen Recognition: T and B cells recognize antigens through receptors, T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs), activating immune responses.
  • Signal Transduction: When antigens bind to receptors, they activate a range of intracellular signaling pathways, such as the MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB pathways.
  • Clonal Expansion: Activated T and B cells undergo clonal expansion, creating numerous copies that can effectively target the specific antigen. This process is essential for amplifying the immune response to a significant level
  • Cytokine Release: Activated lymphocytes release cytokines that influence the behavior of other immune cells, promoting inflammation and enhancing immune response. Cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ are key players in this communication process.
  • Memory Formation: Some activated lymphocytes differentiate into memory cells, providing quick responses to future encounters with the same pathogen.

T AND B LYMPHOCYTES ACTIVATION AND DISEASES

The activation of T and B lymphocytes is crucial in immune responses and has significant implications for various diseases:

  • Autoimmune Diseases: Dysregulated activation can lead to autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, where the immune system attacks its own tissues.
  • Infectious Diseases: Effective activation is vital for clearing infections; chronic infections (e.g., HIV) can lead to T cell exhaustion, while inadequate B cell activation increases infection susceptibility.
  • Cancer: Tumors often evade immune detection by inhibiting T and B lymphocyte activation. Understanding these mechanisms has led to immunotherapies that enhance anti-tumor responses.
  • Allergic Reactions: In allergies, hyperactivated B cells produce excessive IgE antibodies, contributing to allergic inflammation and symptoms.
  • Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease involve abnormal lymphocyte activation, leading to persistent inflammation.
  1. Putera I, et al. A serum B-lymphocyte activation signature is a key distinguishing feature of the immune response in sarcoidosis compared to tuberculosis. Commun Biol. (2024)10;7(1):1114.
  2. Tibúrcio R, et al. Dynamics of T-Lymphocyte Activation Related to Paradoxical Tuberculosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Persons With Advanced HIV. Front Immunol. (2021)7:12:757843.
  3. Shah K, et al. T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. (2021)13;6(1):412.
  4. Tai Y, et al. Molecular Mechanisms of T Cells Activation by Dendritic Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Pharmacol. (2018)26:9:642.
  5. Hwang JR, et al. Recent insights of T cell receptor-mediated signaling pathways for T cell activation and development. Exp Mol Med. (2020);52(5):750-761.

T & B LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at [email protected] to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Human signaling pathways

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

T & B Lymphocyte Activation

TBLA1H1

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Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Mouse signaling pathways

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T & B Lymphocyte Activation

TBLA1M1

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Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Rat signaling pathways

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T & B Lymphocyte Activation

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List In progress...


Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Pig T & B Lymphocyte Activation

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T & B Lymphocyte Activation

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List In progress...


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