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Inflammation pathways: understanding the body’s defense mechanisms

Inflammation pathways are essential biological processes that protect the body from harmful stimuli such as toxins, viruses, bacteria, ischemia, or trauma. Controlled by the immune system, these pathways involve complex signaling cascades balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory factors.

Properly regulated, inflammation pathways help repair tissues and maintain homeostasis. However, their dysfunction can drive chronic diseases and pathological conditions.

Why choose AnyGenes® qPCR arrays for inflammation pathways ?

AnyGenes® provides state-of-the-art qPCR arrays and SignArrays® to study inflammation pathways. . These tools allow precise analysis of gene expression and biomarkers, supporting both acute and chronic inflammation research.
AnyGenes Inflammation Pathways qPCR Array for precise gene expression analysis.

Discover our advanced qPCR arrays for Inflammation Pathways research.

Types of inflammatory response :

Acute versus chronic inflammation

  1. Acute Inflammation:
    • A short-lived response that promotes cell survival and initiates repair mechanisms.
    • During this phase, T cells produce cytokines like IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which activate several key inflammatory pathways, including:
    • Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)
    • Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
    • Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT)
  2. Chronic Inflammation:
    • Occurs when immune cells fail to eliminate pathogens or resolve injury, leading to prolonged activation.
    • This phase is associated with diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to abnormal cytokine activity and acute reactant production.

Covid-19 and dysregulated inflammation pathways

Loss of immune balance between protective and impaired responses can exacerbate diseases like COVID-19.

During SARS-CoV-2 infection, a cytokine storm occurs, characterized by elevated levels of IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), combined with defective type I interferon activity. This heightened inflammatory response leads to severe complications in affected patients.

Diseases linked to inflammation pathways

Chronic inflammation is a significant driver of numerous diseases, including:

  • Neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer’s disease and aging.
  • Psychiatric disorders: Depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
  • Cardiovascular diseases: Atherosclerosis and heart disease.
  • Chronic illnesses: Rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and periodontitis.

The inflammatory response contributes to disease progression through mechanisms such as:

  • Activation of the inflammasome.
  • Persistence of senescent cells.
  • Dysbiosis in the microbiota.
  • Activation of microglia in the brain.

Therapeutic targets in inflammation signaling pathways

Recent breakthroughs in inflammation research have highlighted the potential of targeting specific pathways for therapeutic intervention. For instance:
  • Inhibitors of NF-κB signaling show promise in treating autoimmune diseases and cancer.
  • MAPK pathway modulators are being explored for their role in reducing inflammation-related tissue damage.
  • Cytokine blockers, such as anti-TNF therapies, are already widely used for managing rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
By providing precise insights into the gene expression profiles of these pathways, AnyGenes®’ innovative tools, like the SignArray panels, play a crucial role in the development of novel treatment strategies.
Schematic representation of SARS-CoV-2-driven signaling pathways and potential drug targets.

Frequently asked questions about inflammation pathways

Inflammation pathways are biological signaling processes that allow the immune system to respond to harmful stimuli, such as infections, toxins, or tissue damage.

Key pathways controlling inflammation include NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT. These cascades coordinate immune activation, cytokine release, and inflammation resolution.

  1. Recognition of harmful stimuli
  2. Activation of immune cells
  3. Release of pro-inflammatory mediators
  4. Vascular changes (increased permeability)
  5. Recruitment of additional immune cells
  6. Clearance of pathogens or damaged cells
  7. Resolution and tissue repair
  • Vascular changes, dilation and permeability increase
  • Cellular recruitment, immune cells move to the injury site
  • Phagocytosis, elimination of pathogens and debris
  • Resolution, anti-inflammatory signals restore tissue homeostasis

They allow precise measurement of inflammatory gene expression, enabling research on acute and chronic inflammation, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets.

You can review the biomarker list for the mTOR pathway in the table below to see if it matches your research focus. If the targets you need are not included, you can customize your own SignArrays® by downloading and completing our Personalized SignArrays® information file. Send it to [email protected] to get started on your project..
  1. Miguel Lourenço Varela et al. Acute Inflammation and Metabolism. Inflammation. (2018);41(4):1115-1127.
  2. Yu W, et al. Advances in T Cells Based on Inflammation in Metabolic Diseases. Cells. (2022)10;11(22):3554.
  3. Luis F García. Immune Response, Inflammation, and the Clinical Spectrum of COVID-19. Front Immunol. (2020);11:1441.
  4. Michele Catanzaro et al. Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther. (2020);5(1):84.
  5. Ning Yuan et al. Inflammation-related biomarkers in major psychiatric disorders: a cross-disorder assessment of reproducibility and specificity in 43 meta-analyses. Transl Psychiatry. (2019);9(1):233.
  6. Estella A Newcombe et al. Inflammation: the link between comorbidities, genetics, and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15(1):276.
  7. Christina H Liu et al. Biomarkers of chronic inflammation in disease development and prevention: challenges and opportunities. Nat Immunol. 2017;18(11):1175-1180.
  8. Peter Libby and Sebastian Kobold. Inflammation: a common contributor to cancer, aging, and cardiovascular diseases—expanding the concept of cardio-oncology. Cardiovasc Res. 2019;115(5): 824–829.
  9. Zarrin AA, et al. Kinase inhibition in autoimmunity and inflammation. Nat Rev Drug Discov. (2021);20(1):39-63.

INFLAMMATION SIGNALING PATHWAY BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at [email protected] to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Human inflammation pathways

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

Inflammation

IF1H1

List infos


Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Mouse inflammation pathways

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

Inflammation

IF1M1

List infos


Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Rat signaling pathway

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

Inflammation

IF1R1

List infos


Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Pig signaling pathway

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

Inflammation

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List In progress...


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