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What is the mtor signaling pathway ?

The mTOR signaling pathway (mechanistic Target of Rapamycin mTOR)  is a central regulator of cell growth, metabolism, and survival. It integrates signals from nutrients, growth factors, and cellular energy status to maintain homeostasis and adapt to environmental changes.

Why choose AnyGenes® for mTOR pathway research?

At AnyGenes®, we offer advanced qPCR arrays tailored for mTOR pathway research. With our innovative solutions, researchers can:
  • Investigate key regulators of the mTOR pathway, such as mTORC1, mTORC2, and AMPK.
  • Analyze downstream targets like S6K, 4E-BP1, and autophagy-related genes.
  • Study the crosstalk between mTOR and other pathways, including PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling.
Our qPCR arrays deliver high precision and reproducibility, empowering researchers to uncover novel insights into the mTOR pathway’s role in health and disease.
AnyGenes mTOR Pathway Array for studying cellular signaling and regulation

Discover our advanced qPCR arrays for mTOR Pathway research.

mTOR-Signaling-Pathway-mTORC2
The structures, regulatory mechanism and functions of mTORC2.
mTOR-Signaling-Pathway-mTORC1
Regulatory mechanism and function of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). (A) The structures and regulatory mechanism of mTORC1. (B) The downstream functions of mTORC1.

Regulation of mtor complexes

mTOR exists in two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2.
  • mTORC1 Regulation:
    • Activation: responds to nutrients, growth factors, and energy levels. Key signals include insulin signaling, amino acid and pathways such as PI3K/AKT and RAG GTPases.
    • Negative Regulation: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and AMPK inhibit mTORC1 under stress, low energy and hypoxia.
    • Function: promotes protein synthesis, lipid biosynthesis, cell growth and  inhibits autophagy.
  • mTORC2 Regulation:
    • Activation: trigged by growth factors via PI3K.
    • Function: controls cytoskeletal organization, cell survival, and AKT activation.
  • Cross-Regulation:
    • mTORC1 activity influences downstream pathways affecting mTORC2, showing pathway interconnectivity.

Key roles of the mtor pathway

The mTOR pathway plays a pivotal role in regulating cellular and physiological processes:

  • Cell Growth and Proliferation: mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis through the phosphorylation of key targets such as S6 kinase and 4E-BP1.
  • Metabolism: regulates lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism and autophagy depending on nutrient availability.
  • Autophagy: inhibited under nutrient-rich conditions, activated under starvation to support survival.
  • Cell Survival: mTORC2 enhances AKT signaling and cytoskeletal stability.
  • Immune Function: modulates immune cell activation, differentiation, and stress responses.

Key components

  • mTORC1 (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1): regulates metabolism, protein synthesis, and growth.
  • mTORC2 (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2): controls cell survival, cel survival, AKT activation and cytoskeletal organization.
  • AMPK (AMP-Activated Protein Kinase): acts as an energy sensor, inhibits mTORC1 activity when energy is low.
  • Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC):  negative regulator, prevents excessive growth and proliferation under stress.

mTOR pathway and disease implications

  • Cancer: hyperactivation promotes tumor growth by enhancing protein synthesis and cell survival. mTOR inhibitors are being explored as potential treatments for various cancers.
  • Metabolic Disorders: dysregulated mTOR activity contributes to insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases: impaired mTOR reduces autophagy, leading to protein accumulation in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
  • Immune System Dysfunction: dysregulation causes autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and immunodeficiency.

Therapeutic targeting of mTOR

  • Rapamycin: first mTOR inhibitor, used in organ transplant rejectionprevention and studied in cancer and aging-related diseases.
  • Dual mTOR Inhibitors: Target mTORC1 and mTORC2 for better efficacy.
  • Targeted Therapies: development of more specific inhibitors with fewer side effects.

Frequently asked questions

mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis and cell proliferation; mTORC2 enhances survival via AKT and cytoskeletal organization.

Key genes: MTOR, RPTOR, RICTOR, AKT1/2/3, AMPK, TSC1/2, S6K1, 4E-BP1.

PI3K/AKT activates mTORC1/2, linking nutrient and growth factor signals to cell growth and survival.

Dysregulation leads to uncontrolled growth, metabolic imbalance, and therapy resistance.

The mTOR pathway is activated by nutrients, growth factors, and cellular energy status. PI3K/AKT signaling, amino acids, and insulin stimulate mTORC1, while growth factors primarily regulate mTORC2.

mTOR regulates cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, survival, and autophagy, ensuring adaptation to environmental changes and maintaining cellular homeostasis.

mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis by phosphorylating key targets such as S6 kinase (S6K1) and 4E-BP1, increasing ribosome activity and translation efficiency.

mTORC1 mainly controls protein synthesis, metabolism, and autophagy in response to nutrients and energy levels, while mTORC2 regulates cell survival, cytoskeletal organization, and AKT activation in response to growth factors.

You can review the biomarker list for the mTOR pathway in the table below to see if it matches your research focus. If the targets you need are not included, you can customize your own SignArrays® by downloading and completing our Personalized SignArrays® information file. Send it to [email protected] to get started on your project.
  1. Saxton RA  et  Sabatini  DM. mTOR  Signaling in  Growth,  Metabolism, and  Disease. Cell. (2017)9;168(6):960-976.
  2. Das A  et  al. mTOR  Signaling  in  Cardiometabolic  Disease,  Cancer,  and  Aging. Oxid Med Cell Longev. (2017).
  3. Chamcheu JC et al. Role and Therapeutic Targeting of  the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Skin Cancer: A Review of Current Status and Future Trends on Natural and Synthetic  Agents  Therapy. Cells. (2019)31;8(8).
  4. Wei X  et  al.  Roles  of  mTOR  Signaling  in  Tissue  Regeneration. Cells. (2019)12;8(9).
  5. Kwasnicki A et al. Involvement of mTOR signaling pathways in regulating growth and dissemination  of  metastatic  brain  tumors  via  EMT. Anticancer Res. (2015);35(2):689-96.
  6. Paquette  M  e t  al.  mTOR  Pathways  in  Cance r  and  Autophagy. Cancers (Basel). (2018);10(1).
  7. Hua H  e t  al.  Targeting  mTOR  for  cancer  therapy.  J Hematol Oncol. (2019);12(1):71.

mTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY BIOMARKER LIST

Customize your own signaling pathways (SignArrays®) with the factors of your choice!
Simply download and complete our Personalized SignArrays® information file and send it at [email protected] to get started on your project.

You can check the biomarker list included in this pathway, see below:

Species : Homo sapiens (human)

Human Signaling Pathways

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

mTOR Signaling Pathway

MTOR1H1

List infos


Species : Mus musculus (mouse)

Mouse Signaling Pathways

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

mTOR Signaling Pathway

MTOR1M1

List infos


Species : Rattus norvegicus (rat)

Rat Signaling Pathways

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

mTOR Signaling Pathway

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List In progress...


Species : Sus Scrofa (Pig)

Pig Signaling Pathways

Signaling PathwaysProduct refInformations

mTOR Signaling Pathway

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List In progress...


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